Fuel Injection Spark Ignition System

ABSTRACT

A fuel injection system providing both fuel injection devices ( 5 ) and methods of fuel injection for internal combustion engines ( 1 ) in which a piezoelectric material ( 29 ) generates a current discharged to ignite fuel ( 8 ) delivered into the engine combustion chamber ( 2 ).

This International Patent Cooperation Treaty application is acontinuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/960,854filed Oct. 6, 2004, hereby incorporated by reference herein.

I. TECHNICAL FIELD

A fuel injection system providing both fuel injection devices andmethods of fuel injection for internal combustion engines in which apiezoelectric material generates a current discharged to ignite fueldelivered into the engine combustion chamber.

II. BACKGROUND

Fuel injectors convert fuel into a fine spray which is mixed with air inengine combustion chambers. The major advantage of the system is thatthe amount of fuel being mixed with air can be more precisely controlledand the mixture can be more evenly spread throughout the air coming intothe engine. In combination with an electronic computer which monitorsengine conditions and exhaust emissions, fuel injection can increasefuel efficiency and reduce pollution.

Fuel injection was adapted for use in petrol-powered aircraft duringWorld War II and was first used in a car in 1955 with the introductionof the Mercedes-Benz 300SL Fuel injection became widespread with theintroduction of electronically controlled fuel injection systems in the1980s and the gradual tightening of emissions and fuel economy laws.

Today, fuel injection is conventionally used in diesel engines. Thediesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine; morespecifically, a compression ignition engine, in which the fuel isignited by the high temperature of a compressed gas, rather than aseparate source of energy, such as a spark plug. Many modern dieselengines use direct injection, in which the injection nozzle is locatedinside the combustion chamber. Today automobile manufacturersconventionally use fuel injection with gasoline engines.

A commonly used injector utilizes a closed-needle injector having aneedle valve assembly which utilizes a spring-biased needle positionedadjacent to the orifice of a fuel metering chamber. The needlereciprocally operates to open and close communication between a fuelmetering chamber and the engine combustion chamber allowing fuel to beinjected into the cylinder and resisting blow back of exhaust gas intothe fuel metering chamber of the injector. In many fuel systems, whenthe pressure of the fuel within the fuel metering chamber exceeds thebiasing force of the needle spring, the needle moves outwardly to allowfuel to pass through the orifice(s) of the fuel metering chamber, thusmarking the beginning of injection.

In another type of system disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,114 to Tarret al., the beginning of injection is controlled by a servo-controlledneedle. The assembly includes a control volume positioned adjacent anouter end of the needle valve, a drain circuit for draining fuel fromthe control volume to a low pressure drain, and an injection controlvalve positioned along the drain circuit for controlling the flow offuel through the drain circuit so as to cause the movement of the needlevalve element between open and closed positions. Opening of theinjection control valve causes a reduction in the fuel pressure in thecontrol volume resulting in a pressure differential which forces theneedle valve open, and closing of the injection control valve causes anincrease in the control volume pressure and closing of the needle valve.U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,996 issued to Maley et al. discloses a similarservo-controlled needle valve injector.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,292 to Hapeman discloses a fuel injector with innerand outer injector needle valves biased to close respective orifices andoperable to open at different fuel pressures. The inner needle valve isreciprocally mounted in a central bore formed in the outer needle valve.However, the opening of each needle valve is controlled solely byinjection fuel pressure acting on the needle valve in the openingdirection such that the valves necessarily open when the injection fuelpressure reaches a predetermined level.

United Kingdom Patent Application No. 2266559 to Hlousek discloses aclosed needle injector assembly including a hollow needle valve forcooperating with one valve seat formed on an injector body to provide amain injection through all the injector orifices and an inner valveneedle reciprocally mounted in the hollow needle for creating apre-injection through a few of the injector orifices.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,398 to Nylund discloses a fuel injection valvearrangement for injecting two different types of fuels into an enginewhich includes inner and outer poppet type needle valves. During eachinjection event, the inner needle valve opens a first set of orifices toprovide a pre-injection and the outer needle valve opens a second set oforifices to provide a subsequent main injection. The outer poppet valveis a cylindrical sleeve positioned around a stationary valve housingcontaining the inner poppet valve.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,389 to Pataki et al. discloses a fuel injectorassembly including two biased valve elements controlling respectiveorifices for sequential operation during an injection event. A singlecontrol volume may be provided at the outer ends of the elements forreceiving biasing fluid to create biasing forces on the elements foropposing the fuel pressure opening forces. However, the control volumefunctions in the same manner as biasing springs to place continuousbiasing forces on the valve elements. As a result, the needle valveelements only lift when the supply fuel pressure in the needle cavity isincreased in preparation of a fuel injection event to create pressureforces greater than the closing forces imparted by the control volumepressure.

Other types of injectors are coupled to a fuel supply which deliversfuel to a pump chamber within the fuel injector at a predeterminedsupply pressure, this pressure then being increased within the fuelinjector to a higher injection pressure to effect actuation of theneedle valve assembly. A commonly used means to increase pressure withinthe storage chamber includes plunger which reciprocates within the pumpchamber which is actuated by an engine driven cam or other reciprocatingmeans. Fuel in the pump chamber is delivered to the fuel meteringchamber at a pressure sufficiently high to move the needle from thevalve seat.

In one form of such a fuel injector, the plunger is provided withhelices which cooperate with suitable ports in the pump chamber tocontrol the pressurization and therefore the injection of fuel during apump stroke of the plunger.

In another form of such a fuel injector, a solenoid valve isincorporated in the fuel injector so as to control, for example, thedrainage of fuel from the pump chamber. In this latter type injector,fuel injection is controlled by energizing the solenoid valve. Anexemplary embodiment of such an electromagnetic fuel injector isdisclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,253 to Ernest Bader, Jr.,John I. Deckard and Dan B. Kuiper.

Other types of fuel injection systems may use piezoelectric actuators orelements, in which the piezoelectric actuators or elements exhibit aproportional relationship between an applied voltage and a linearexpansion. Thus, it is believed that using piezoelectric elements asactuators may be advantageous in fuel injection nozzles for internalcombustion engines as disclosed by European Patent Specifications EP 0371 469 B1 and EP 0 379 182 B1.

An example of a fuel injector which uses the expansion and contractionof piezoelectric elements with double-acting, double-seat valves tocontrol corresponding injection needles in a fuel injection system isshown by German Patent Applications DE 197 42 073 A1 and DE 197 29 844A1.

As can be understood from the above discussion, there is a largecommercial market for fuel injectors for use in various types ofreciprocating, rotary and other types of engines which has wideapplication in automotive and aircraft industries with respect to bothcompression ignition and spark ignition engines.

First, with respect to compression ignition engines, there is acompelling argument for stronger penetration in the market as a means ofreducing CO₂ emissions. With the focus of the Kyoto Protocol onemissions of greenhouse gases, and the contribution of transportationsources to this problem. Moreover, compression ignition engines are ableto extract almost double the useful work than conventional sparkignition engines.

However, while compression ignition is an attractive solution for CO2reduction, exhaust emissions associated with diesel fuel areincreasingly coming under the environmental spotlight. Most notable arethe oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), which areregarded almost exclusively as “diesel problems”. The difficulty inmeeting the increasingly stringent limitations on particulate and NOxemissions has stimulated interest in ethanol-fueled compression ignitionengines because ethanol diffusion flames produce virtually no soot.Unfortunately ethanol does not have suitable ignition properties undertypical diesel conditions because the temperatures and pressurescharacteristic of the diesel engines causes a longer ignition delaywhile using ethanol. Therefore, in order to make use of ethanol in adiesel engine, either a system to improve the ignition quality ofethanol or an ignition aid may be necessary.

Similarly, compression ignition engines can be operated with fuels madefrom other organic stock such as soybeans, rapeseed, and animal tallowproduced through a process called transesterification which removesfatty particulates that cause coking and other problems in dieselengines. These additional bio-fuels used undiluted or mixed with dieselfuel have demonstrated reduced particulate emission. However, as theconcentration of bio-fuel is increased cold engine start may requireadditional engine cranking and cold engine operation may besubstantially inferior to diesel fuel. Similarly, in order to make useof bio-fuels either a system to improve the ignition quality ofbio-fuels or an ignition aid may be necessary.

Second, with respect to lower compression spark ignition engines, thecomposition of fuels and the manner of operation, especially inautomobiles, has significantly altered over the past thirty years. Tomeet air pollution regulations in the United States, and in othercountries, the lead in gasoline was removed substantially loweringoctane of the fuel. To compensate for the lowered octane, automobilemanufacturers altered the timing in cars to prevent the resulting “ping”or “knock” and to reduce NOx formed at higher combustion temperaturesand pressure.

In spark ignition engines, as you advance timing from top dead center,both peak combustion temperatures and peak cylinder pressures go down(as does “knock” and the production of NOx). At some point, however,spark ignition comes too early and the pressure produced from combustionworks against the piston (on the up stroke) more than it works with thepiston (on the down stroke).

In newer vehicles, how much fuel to deliver to the fuel combustioncylinder and when to provide ignition spark is typically monitored bycomputers which use sensors to detect engine “ping” or “knock” and toreduce emissions; however, the amount of ignition control that can beachieved under a broad range of operating conditions may be insufficientto completely eliminate “ping” or “knock” under certain circumstances,for example when low octane fuel is used. Also, the computer may bereacting to something that is already happening or has happened, andengine “ping” or “knock” has the potential to be harmful with relativelyfew occurrences.

Third, aviation remains the only transportation industry in the UnitedStates whose engine emissions are not yet regulated. The piston enginefleet uses the only fuel still containing lead as an octane enhancer.While turbine engine manufacturers have dedicated considerable resourcesto reduce engine emissions, the airline industry has experiencedunprecedented growth and the aggregate pollution has increaseddramatically. In addition to the problem caused locally by pollutants,fossil fuels used in aircraft worldwide have a significant impact onglobal warming because of the altitude at which they are emitted.Therefore, there are two pending crises in the aviation world: 1. themounting pressure to remove lead from the aviation gasoline used by thepiston engine fleet, and 2. the commercial aviation's environmentalimpact escalating both at the local and global level.

With the removal of lead from aviation fuel, use of the resulting loweroctane fuel will require technical innovations to avoid “ping” and“knock”. Because existing technology may not allow sufficient ignitioncontrol to eliminate “ping” and “knock” under certain circumstances andaircraft engines may then experience increased wear similar to thatexperienced in automobile engines using lower octane fuels.

Also, the Federal Aviation Administration has provided certificationsfor engines and aircraft powered by ethanol. Supplemental TypeCertificates have also been issued for the use of 100% denatured ethanolfor the 10-540 series of 260 HP Lycoming engines, for the O-235 seriesof Lycoming engines, and the Cessna 152 series of training aircraft. InMay of 2000, dual fuel certification was obtained for a Piper Pawnee, anagricultural spray aircraft for the use of either ethanol or Avgas.

While aviation applications of bio-fuels are economically competitivewith aviation fossil fuels, and are actually less expensive if the realcost of the fossil fuels is taken into account, the use of bio-fuels maybe limited due to reduced performance of aviation engines under certainconditions as above-described and may require an ignition aid.

The instant invention can address certain aspects of the problemsencountered by the use of lower octane or bio-fuels in fuel injectedspark ignition engines.

III. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

Accordingly, a broad object of the invention can be to provide a fuelinjector which further includes within the nozzle an electric currentgenerator capable of discharging across a gap to provide spark ignitionof fuel delivered to the fuel combustion chamber of a reciprocatingpiston or other type of engine.

Another broad object of the invention can be to provide an electriccurrent generator configured from piezoelectric material which respondsto the pressure of fuel within the nozzle to generate a currentsufficient to spark across a gap to ignite fuel within the fuelcombustion chamber of a reciprocating piston engine or other type ofengine.

Another broad object of the invention can be to provide an ignition aidwhich allows or improves the performance of compression ignition andspark ignition engines utilizing ethanol or other types of bio-fuels,including, but not limited to, ethanol or blends of Avgas and ethanol.

Another broad object of the invention can be to replace conventionalspark ignition systems which utilize a spark plug or ignition coil toignite fuel in the combustion chamber of a reciprocating piston or othertype of engine.

Another broad object of the invention can be to replace convention sparkignition systems on aircraft engines.

Naturally, further objects of the invention are disclosed throughoutother areas of the specification and drawings.

IV. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the fuel injection spark ignitioninvention which operates to ignite fuel in a fuel combustion cylinder.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the fuel injection spark ignitioninvention which further includes fuel pressurization means locatedwithin the fuel injector.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of the invention which provides afuel injector having a piezoelectric element located in the nozzlechamber which generates an electric current in response to fuel pressuretimely discharged across a gap to ignite fuel in the fuel combustionchamber.

FIG. 4 shows another exemplary embodiment of the invention whichprovides a fuel injector having a piezoelectric element located in thenozzle chamber which generates an electric current in response to fuelpressure timely discharged across a gap to ignite fuel in the fuelcombustion chamber.

FIG. 5 shows another exemplary embodiment of the invention whichprovides a fuel injector having a piezoelectric element located in thenozzle chamber which generates an electric current in response to fuelpressure timely discharged across a gap to ignite fuel in the fuelcombustion chamber.

V. MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

A fuel injection system providing both fuel injection devices andmethods of fuel injection for internal combustion engines in which apiezoelectric material generates a current discharged to ignite fueldelivered into the engine combustion chamber.

Now referring primarily to FIG. 1, an exemplary engine and fuelinjection system in accordance with the invention is shown. The engine(1) may contain one or more fuel combustion chambers (2). The engine (1)has at least one cylinder head (3) having a fuel injector bore (4) whichcommunicates with each fuel combustion chamber (2). A fuel injector (5)can be adapted to fit in each fuel injector bore (4).

A fuel system (7) provides a fuel source (8), such as a fuel tank, and afuel supply passage (9) which communicates between the fuel source (8)and the fuel injector (5). A fuel transfer means (10), such as a fuelpump, delivers fuel from the fuel source (8) through the fuel passage(9) to the fuel injector (5). With respect to certain embodiments of theinvention, a fuel return passage (not shown in the figure) maycommunicate between the fuel injector (5) and the fuel supply (8). Thecylinder head (3) can define a portion of the fuel passage (9) or aportion of the fuel return passage, or both, as to certain embodimentsof the invention. One or more fuel filters (11) may be can be arrangedin fluid communication between the fuel supply (8) and theinjector(s)(5).

It should be understood that this exemplary embodiment of the engine andfuel injection system is not intended to be limiting with regard to thescope of the invention, but rather illustrative of the numerous andvaried reciprocating internal combustion engines, whether diesel, sparkignition, rotary engines, turbine, modified cycle engines, or the like,that may be used in aircraft, automobiles, motorcycles, snowmobiles,lawnmowers, or otherwise, that can be operated in accordance with theinvention.

Similarly, while FIG. 1 shows an exemplary fuel injector, it is notintended that the type of fuel injector shown be limiting with regardthe scope of the invention, but rather illustrative of the numerous andvaried fuel injectors that may be operated in accordance with theinvention. Specifically without limitation fuel injectors such as thosemanufactured by Rossa-Master, Cummins, or other fuel injectors asabove-discussed, or similar or otherwise, may be operated in accordancewith the invention.

Again referring primarily to FIG. 1, in a preferred embodiment of theinvention, the fuel injector (5) has a nozzle (12) which defines theconfiguration of a nozzle chamber (13) which has at least one fuelinjection orifice (14). The fuel supply passage (9) communicates withthe nozzle chamber (13) and the fuel injection orifice (14) communicateswith the fuel combustion chamber (2). A injector valve (15) or valvemeans operates to open and close communication between the nozzlechamber (13) and the fuel combustion chamber (2).

As to certain embodiments of the invention, the injector valve (15)operates in response to fuel pressure within the nozzle chamber (13)sufficient to overcome the force applied to the injector valve (15) by acoil spring (16). When sufficient pressure has built up, the injectorvalve (15) is lifted off its seat (17) and the fuel is forced throughone or more fuel injection orfices (14) into the fuel combustion chamber(2). A check valve (not shown in FIG. 1) can be mounted in the nozzlechamber (13) to prevent gas in the fuel combustion chamber (2) fromflowing back into the nozzle chamber (13).

Now referring primarily to FIGS. 1 and 2, fuel can be delivered from thefuel supply (8) by the fuel transfer means (10) at sufficient pressureto lift the injector valve (15) from its seat (17). More often, the fueltransfer means (10) delivers fuel at insufficient pressure to lift theinjector valve (15) from its seat (17) and a fuel pressure generator(18) disposed within the fuel injector (5) operates to increase pressureof an amount of fuel within the nozzle chamber (13) to a levelsufficient to lift the injector valve (15) from its seat (17).

One non-limiting mechanism for increasing fuel pressure delivered to thenozzle chamber is shown by FIG. 2. In that particular embodiment of theinvention, a fuel storage chamber (19) communicates with the fuel supplypassage (9). A plunger (20) actuatable from a location outside of thefuel injector (5) moves within the fuel storage chamber (19) topressurize fuel. The plunger actuating means (21) may be any mechanicalactuating device or hydraulical actuating device. In the embodimentshown, a tappet (22) and plunger (20) assembly is actuated indirectly ordirectly by a rotatable cam (23) or cam lobe (24) mounted on an engine(1) driven cam shaft (25). The profile of the cam surface times theplunger (18) movement, plunger stroke, and range of fuel pressures. Afuel control passage (26) communicates between the fuel storage chamber(19) and the nozzle chamber (13). One or more valve means (27) operatesto open and close communication between the fuel storage chamber (19)and the nozzle chamber (13).

Electrical actuation means (28) can be provided to operate the one ormore valve means (27). For example, the electrical actuation means (28)can include a single solenoid or a plurality of solenoids. The one ormore valve means (27) operate to deliver pressurized fuel to the nozzlechamber (13) lifting the injector valve (15) from the seat (15) allowingthe fuel to be dispersed into the fuel combustion chamber (2).

Now referring primarily to FIGS. 3, 4, and 5, the fuel injectorinvention can further include an electric current generator (29) whichgenerates electrical current in response to the fuel pressure in thenozzle chamber (13). For example, the electric current generator (29)can comprise a piezoelectric element, such as a piezoelectric crystal. Apiezoelectric element comprises a material or a combination of materialsin which positive and negative electrical charges are separated, butsymmetrically distributed, so that the piezoelectric element overall iselectrically neutral. When the symmetry of the piezoelectric element isin whole or in part disturbed or destroyed the altered charge asymmetrygenerates a voltage. As a non-limiting example, a one (1) cm cube ofquartz with 500 lb (2 kN) of pressure applied upon it, can produce12,500 V of electricity.

Many other materials, for example, quartz analogue crystals likeberlinite (AlPO₄) or gallium orthophosphate (GaPO₄); ceramic or othermaterial containing one or more of perovskite, tugsten-bronze, leadzirconate titanate, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃,Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁; lead zirconate titanate (PZT); tourmaline,quartz, or topaz; polymers polyvinlidene fluoride, (—CH₂—CF₂—)_(n),rubber, wool, hair, wood fiber, and silk, each exhibit piezoelectricityto some extent.

Direct piezoelectricity of some substances like quartz, as mentionedabove, can generate thousands of volts. Perhaps the best-knownapplication of piezoelectric elements is the electric cigarette lighter.Pressing the lighter button applies pressure upon a piezoelectriccrystal, and the thus produced high voltage ignites the gas as thecurrent jumps over a small spark gap. The portable electrical sparkersused to light gas grills or stoves work the same way.

Now referring primarily to FIGS. 3, 4, and 5, an electric currentgenerator (29) such as a piezoelectric element or piezoelectric crystalcan be located in the nozzle chamber (13). The location of the electriccurrent generator (29) can vary from embodiment to embodiment of thefuel injector invention so long as the electric current generatorreceives sufficient pressure, or change in pressure, on its surface fromfuel in the nozzle chamber (13) to generate a current sufficient todischarge or spark across the gap (31). The configuration of theelectric current generator (29) and the nozzle (12) can be altered toaccount for various factors including the internal configuration of thenozzle chamber (13), the external configuration of the valve means (orpintel)(15) which operates within the nozzle chamber (13), the amount ofsurface area of the electric current generator (29) on which fuelpressure is applied, the amount of current to be generated to induce orgenerate a discharge of the current or spark across the gap (31), or thelike.

The electric current generator (29) can be electrically isolated fromthe nozzle (12) to prevent a short circuit of current generated inresponse to fuel pressure within the nozzle chamber (13). The manner ofelectrically isolating the electric current generator (29) can varybetween embodiments of the fuel injector invention. One non-limitingexample provides a insulation layer (32) between the nozzle (12) and theelectric current generator (29). Another non-limiting embodiment of theinvention provides a nozzle (12) configured from an electricallynon-conductive material.

Now referring primarily to FIG. 3, the electric generator element (29)comprises a piezoelectric element configured as part of the nozzle (12)wall. Cross Section AA shows an insulation layer (32) which electricallyisolates the negative pole of piezoelectric element from the nozzle (12)wall while the positive pole of the piezoelectric element is grounded tothe nozzle (13) wall. An electrical conductor (31) projecting from thenegative pole of the piezoelectric element can be configured to providethe gap (31) across which the current generated by the electric currentgenerator (29) can be discharged.

Now referring primarily to FIG. 4, another embodiment of the fuelinjector invention provides an electric current generator (29) orpiezoelectric element configured as part of the nozzle (13) wall. Theelectric current generator (29) further includes an insulation layer tosufficient to prevent creation of a short circuit between positive andnegative poles. A pair of conductors (30), one each electrically coupledto the positive and negative poles of the electric current generator(29), are disposed to allow discharge of electrical current across thegap (31).

Now referring primarily to FIG. 5, another embodiment of the fuelinjector invention provides an electric current generator (29) orpiezoelectric element configured as part of the nozzle (13) wall. Theelectric current generator (29) further includes an insulation layer(32) sufficient to prevent creation of a short circuit between positiveand negative poles. A pair of conductors (30), one each electricallycoupled to the positive and negative poles of the electric currentgenerator (29), communicate through the wall of the nozzle (13) (eachhaving a sufficient insulation layer to prevent creation of a shortcircuit) and are disposed outside of the nozzle (13) to allow dischargeof electrical current across the gap (31) within the fuel combustionchamber (2).

Again, it should be understood that the exemplary embodiments of thefuel injector invention shown by FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 are not intended tobe limiting with regard to the scope of the invention, but ratherillustrative of the numerous and varied embodiments of the manner inwhich the nozzle (13), the electric current generator (29), theinsulation layer (32) and the conductor(s) (31) can be configured(including, but not limited to, certain embodiments of the inventionwhich utilize conventional nozzle technology) to generate a spark acrossa gap (31) to timely ignite fuel injected into the fuel combustionchamber (2). While certain embodiments of the invention shown by theFigures provide a pair of electric current generators (29), alternateembodiments of the invention can include a single electric currentgenerator (29) or a plurality of electric current generators (29)depending upon the application. Additionally, alternate embodiments ofthe invention can include a single conductor (30) or a pair ofconductors (30) disposed to generate the gap (31) across which theelectrical current discharges. Moreover, a single fuel injector inaccordance with the invention can include a single or a plurality ofgaps (31) across which electrical current can be timely dischargedsimultaneously or serially to ignite fuel in the fuel combustion chamber(2).

As can be easily understood from the foregoing, the basic concepts ofthe present invention may be embodied in a variety of ways. Theinvention involves numerous and varied embodiments of a fuel injectorhaving a piezoelectric element which in response to fuel pressuregenerates a current for spark ignition of the fuel in the correspondingcylinder volume.

As such, the particular embodiments or elements of the inventiondisclosed by the description or shown in the figures accompanying thisapplication are not intended to be limiting, but rather exemplary of thenumerous and varied embodiments generically encompassed by the inventionor equivalents encompassed with respect to any particular elementthereof. In addition, the specific description of a single embodiment orelement of the invention may not explicitly describe all embodiments orelements possible; many alternatives are implicitly disclosed by thedescription and figures.

It should be understood that each element of an apparatus or each stepof a method may be described by an apparatus term or method term. Suchterms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitlybroad coverage to which this invention is entitled. As but one example,it should be understood that all steps of a method may be disclosed asan action, a means for taking that action, or as an element which causesthat action. Similarly, each element of an apparatus may be disclosed asthe physical element or the action which that physical elementfacilitates. As but one example, the disclosure of a “injector” shouldbe understood to encompass disclosure of the act of “injecting”—whetherexplicitly discussed or not—and, conversely, the disclosure of the actof “injecting”, should be understood to encompass disclosure of an“injector” and even a “means for injecting.” Such alternative terms foreach element or step are to be understood to be explicitly included inthe description.

In addition, as to each term used it should be understood that unlessits utilization in this application is inconsistent with suchinterpretation, common dictionary definitions should be understood toincluded in the description for each term as contained in the RandomHouse Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, second edition, each definitionhereby incorporated by reference.

Thus, the applicant(s) should be understood to claim at least: i) eachof the fuel injectors herein disclosed and described, ii) the relatedmethods disclosed and described, iii) similar, equivalent, and evenimplicit variations of each of these devices and methods, iv) thosealternative embodiments which accomplish each of the functions shown,disclosed, or described, v) those alternative designs and methods whichaccomplish each of the functions shown as are implicit to accomplishthat which is disclosed and described, vi) each feature, component, andstep shown as separate and independent inventions, vii) the applicationsenhanced by the various systems or components disclosed, viii) theresulting products produced by such systems or components, ix) methodsand apparatuses substantially as described hereinbefore and withreference to any of the accompanying examples, x) the variouscombinations and permutations of each of the previous elementsdisclosed.

The claims set forth in this specification are hereby incorporated byreference as part of this description of the invention, and theapplicant expressly reserves the right to use all of or a portion ofsuch incorporated content of such claims as additional description tosupport any of or all of the claims or any element or component thereof,and the applicant further expressly reserves the right to move anyportion of or all of the incorporated content of such claims or anyelement or component thereof from the description into the claims orvice-versa as necessary to define the matter for which protection issought by this application or by any subsequent continuation, division,or continuation-in-part application thereof, or to obtain any benefitof, reduction in fees pursuant to, or to comply with the patent laws,rules, or regulations of any country or treaty, and such contentincorporated by reference shall survive during the entire pendency ofthis application including any subsequent continuation, division, orcontinuation-in-part application thereof or any reissue or extensionthereon.

The claims set forth below are intended describe the metes and bounds ofa limited number of the preferred embodiments of the invention and arenot to be construed as the broadest embodiment of the invention or acomplete listing of embodiments of the invention that may be claimed.The applicant does not waive any right to develop further claims basedupon the description set forth above as a part of any continuation,division, or continuation-in-part, or similar application.

1. A fuel injector, comprising: a. a fuel system including: i. a fuelsource containing an amount of fuel; ii. a fuel transfer means; iii. afuel supply passage; b. a nozzle having a nozzle chamber and a fuelinjection orifice, wherein said fuel supply passage communicates withsaid nozzle chamber, and wherein said fuel injection orificecommunicates with a fuel combustion chamber; c. a valve means operableto open and close communication between said nozzle chamber and saidcombustion chamber; d. a fuel pressure generator operable to increasepressure of an amount of fuel in said nozzle chamber; e. an electriccurrent generator, wherein said electric current generator generates acurrent in response to increased pressure of said amount of fuel; and f.at least one fuel ignition element disposed to generate a discharge ofsaid electric current to combust said amount of fuel in said combustionchamber.
 2. A fuel injector as described in claim 1, wherein said fuelpressure generator operable to increase pressure of an amount of fuel insaid nozzle chamber operates to increase fuel pressure sufficiently togenerate said electrical current from said electric current generator,and wherein said fuel pressure generator further operates to increasefuel pressure sufficiently to open said valve means between said nozzlechamber and said combustion chamber.
 3. A fuel injector as described inclaim 1, wherein said fuel pressure generator operable to increasepressure of an amount of fuel in said nozzle chamber comprises a fuelpressure generator disposed within said fuel transfer means or withinsaid fuel injector.
 4. A fuel injector as described in claim 3, whereinsaid fuel pressure generator disposed within said fuel injectorcomprises: a. a fuel storage chamber which communicates with said fuelsupply passage; b. a plunger actuatable from a location outside the fuelinjector movable within said fuel storage chamber to pressurize fuel; c.a fuel control passage which communicates with said fuel storage chamberand said nozzle chamber; and d. a second valve means operable to openand close communication between said fuel control passage and saidnozzle chamber.
 5. A fuel injector as described in claim 1, wherein saidelectric current generator has a configuration which generates anelectrical current sufficient to generate a discharge of said electriccurrent across a gap in said fuel ignition element.
 6. A fuel injectoras described in claim 1, wherein said electric current generatorcomprises a piezoelectric element.
 7. A fuel injector as described inclaim 6, wherein said piezoelectric element is selected from the groupof piezoelectric materials consisting of lead zirconate titanate,tourmaline, quartz, quartz analogue crystals, topaz, berlinite, galliumorthophosphate, perovskite, tugsten-bronze, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃,LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅; ceramic containing atleast one of perovskite, tugsten-bronze, lead zirconate titanate,BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₅,Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅, and a material containing at least one of perovskite,tugsten-bronze, lead zirconate titanate, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃,BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅.
 8. A fuel injector asdescribed in claim 6, wherein said electric current generator has alocation within selected from the group consisting of: a location withinsaid fuel transfer means, a location within said fuel supply passage,and a location within said nozzle chamber.
 9. A fuel injector asdescribed in claim 1, where said combustion chamber comprises thecombustion chamber of a reciprocal piston engine.
 10. A fuel injector asdescribed in claim 9, wherein said reciprocal piston engine comprises anaircraft engine.
 11. A fuel injector as described in claim 9, whereinsaid reciprocal piston engine is selected from the group consisting ofan automotive engine, a motorcycle engine, a lawnmower engine, a singlepiston engine, a two stroke engine, a four stroke engine, and anaircraft engine.
 12. A method of operating a fuel injector, comprisingthe steps of, a. supplying an amount of fuel to a nozzle chamber; b.pressurizing said amount of fuel in said nozzle chamber; c. generatingan electrical current from an electric current generator responsive toan amount of pressure of said amount of fuel; d. opening communicationbetween said nozzle chamber and a fuel combustion chamber; e. injectingsaid amount of fuel into said fuel combustion chamber; and f.discharging said electric current generated by said electric currentgenerator to initiate combustion of said fuel injected into saidcombustion chamber.
 13. A method of operating a fuel injector asdescribed in claim 12, wherein said step of pressurizing said amount offuel in said nozzle chamber comprises the step of pressurizing saidamount of fuel in said nozzle chamber sufficiently to generate saidelectrical current from said electric current generator and opencommunication between said nozzle chamber and said fuel combustionchamber to inject said amount of fuel into said fuel combustion chamber.14. A method of operating a fuel injector as described in claim 12,wherein said step of supplying an amount of fuel to a nozzle chambercomprises the step of supplying said amount of fuel at a supply pressureinsufficient to generate said electrical current from said electriccurrent generator and open communication between said nozzle chamber andsaid fuel combustion chamber to inject said amount of fuel into saidfuel combustion chamber, and wherein said step of pressurizing saidamount of fuel in said nozzle chamber comprises pressurizing said amountof fuel with a fuel pressurization means disposed within said fuelinjector.
 15. A method of operating a fuel injector as described inclaim 14, wherein said step of pressurizing said amount of fuel withfuel pressurization means disposed within said fuel injector comprisesthe steps of: a. storing said amount of fuel in a fuel storage chamberwhich communicates with said fuel supply passage and said nozzlechamber; b. actuating a plunger movable within said fuel storage chamberfrom a location outside of said fuel injector to pressurize said fuel;c. closing said fuel storage chamber in response to a level of fuelpressure insufficient to generate said electrical current from saidelectric current generator; and d. opening said fuel storage chamber inresponse to a level of fuel pressure within said fuel storage chambersufficient to generate said electrical current from said electriccurrent generator; and e. delivering said amount of fuel to said nozzlechamber.
 16. A method of operating a fuel injector as described in claim12, further comprising the step of locating said electrical currentgenerator within said nozzle chamber.
 17. A method of operating a fuelinjector as described in claim 16, wherein said electrical currentgenerator comprises a piezoelectric element.
 18. A method of operating afuel injector as described in claim 17, wherein wherein saidpiezoelectric element is selected from the group of piezoelectricmaterials consisting of lead zirconate titanate, tourmaline, quartz,quartz analogue crystals, topaz, berlinite, gallium orthophosphate,perovskite, tugsten-bronze, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃,Na_(x)WO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅; ceramic containing at least one ofperovskite, tugsten-bronze, lead zirconate titanate, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃,LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅, and amaterial containing at least one of perovskite, tugsten-bronze, leadzirconate titanate, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃,Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅.
 19. A method of operating a fuel injector asdescribed in claim 12, where said combustion chamber comprises thecombustion chamber of a reciprocal piston engine.
 20. A method ofoperating a fuel injector as described in claim 19, wherein saidreciprocal piston engine comprises an aircraft engine.
 21. A method ofoperating a fuel injector as described in claim 20, wherein saidreciprocal piston engine is selected from the group consisting of anautomotive engine, a motorcycle engine, a lawnmower engine, a singlepiston engine, a two stroke engine, a four stroke engine, and anaircraft engine.
 22. A method of manufacturing a fuel injector,comprising the steps of: a. providing a fuel system, including: i. afuel source containing an amount of fuel; ii. a fuel transfer means;iii. a fuel supply passage; b. providing a nozzle having a nozzlechamber and a fuel injection orifice, wherein said fuel supply passagecommunicates with said nozzle chamber, and wherein said fuel injectionorifice has a location to communicate with a fuel combustion chamber; c.locating a first valve means within said nozzle chamber operable to openand close corn communication between said nozzle chamber and saidcombustion chamber; d. providing a fuel pressure generator operable toincrease pressure of an amount of fuel; e. locating an electric currentgenerator in said fuel system, wherein said electric current generatorproduces an electrical current in response to pressure of an amount offuel in said fuel system; and f. disposing at least one fuel ignitionelement to generate a discharge of said electric current to combust saidamount of fuel in said combustion chamber.
 23. A method of manufacturinga fuel injector as described in claim 22, wherein said electricalcurrent generator comprises a piezoelectric element.
 24. A method ofmanufacturing a fuel injector as described in claim 23, wherein saidpiezoelectric element is selected from the group of piezoelectricmaterials consisting of lead zirconate titanate, tourmaline, quartz,quartz analogue crystals, topaz, berlinite, gallium orthophosphate,perovskite, tugsten-bronze, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃,Na_(x)WO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅; ceramic containing at least one ofperovskite, tugsten-bronze, lead zirconate titanate, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃,LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅, and amaterial containing at least one of perovskite, tugsten-bronze, leadzirconate titanate, BaTiO₃, KNbO₃, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BiFeO₃, Na_(x)WO₃,Ba₂NaNb₅O₅, Pb₂KNb₅O₁₅.
 25. A method of manufacturing a fuel injector asdescribed in claim 22, wherein said step of providing a fuel pressuregenerator operable to increase pressure of an amount of fuel in saidnozzle chamber comprises the step of disposing a fuel pressurizationmeans within said fuel injector.
 26. A method of manufacturing a fuelinjector as described in claim 25, further comprising the step ofdisposing a fuel pressurization means within said fuel injectorcomprises: a. providing a fuel storage chamber which communicates withsaid fuel supply passage and said nozzle chamber; b. providing a plungermovable within said fuel storage chamber from a location outside of saidfuel injector to pressurize an amount of fuel within said fuel storagechamber; and c. locating a second valve means operable to opencommunication with said nozzle chamber in response to a level of fuelpressure within said fuel storage chamber sufficient to generate saidelectrical current from said electric current generator located withinsaid nozzle chamber.
 27. A method of manufacturing a fuel injector asdescribed in claim 22, where said combustion chamber comprises thecombustion chamber of a reciprocal piston engine
 28. A method ofmanufacturing a fuel injector as described in claim 27, wherein saidreciprocal piston engine comprises an aircraft engine.
 29. A method ofmanufacturing a fuel injector as described in claim 28, wherein saidreciprocal piston engine is selected from the group consisting of anautomotive engine, a motorcycle engine, a lawnmower engine, a singlepiston engine, a two stroke engine, a four stroke engine, and anaircraft engine.